Computer Organization...
Wednesday, October 19, 2005
Memory management Hardware
Two mark questions
1) What are the responsibilties of memory management hardware?
2) What is segmentation?
3) What is a logical address. What the fields in logical address?
4) What is a physical address. What are the fields in physical address?
5) What is the use of segment table and page table in memory management hardware?
6) What is a page table base?
7) How data can be protected in system?
8) What is protection bit? What are the privilages that can be given to a user for file accessing?
9) What is TLB?
Other questions
1) Explain about mamory management hardware in detail(16) ¶ 11:47 PM
1) What are the responsibilties of memory management hardware?
2) What is segmentation?
3) What is a logical address. What the fields in logical address?
4) What is a physical address. What are the fields in physical address?
5) What is the use of segment table and page table in memory management hardware?
6) What is a page table base?
7) How data can be protected in system?
8) What is protection bit? What are the privilages that can be given to a user for file accessing?
9) What is TLB?
Other questions
1) Explain about mamory management hardware in detail(16) ¶ 11:47 PM
Virtual memory
Two marks Questions
1) What is virtual memory?
It is a concept used in some large computer systems that permit the user to construct programs as though a large memory space were available, equal to the totality of the computer.
2) What is virtual address or logical address?
The binary address that the processor issue for either instructions or data are called virtula or logical address.
3) What is physical address or location?
The address in main memory.
4) What is address space?
The set of virtual adddresses form address space.They are the set of addresses generated by the programmer as they reference instructions and data.
5) What is memory space?
The set of physical addresses form memory space.They are the actual memory locations directly addressable for processing.
6) What is map table?
The table used for mapping the logical address into physical address.
7) What is page frame or block?
The physical memory is broken into groups of equal size called blocks. The other name of block is Page frame.
8) What is page?
The virtual memory is divided into groups of equal size called pages.
9)What is page fault?
The condition at which the block referenced in main memory is not found is called page fault. If it is not found, it suspend the current program execution and get the page from virtual memory and resume the execution.
Other questions:
1) What is virtual memory, address space and memory space. Explain the mapping of address space to memory space in detail with diagrams. (16)
2) How address to memory mapping is done with pages in virtual memory? (8)
3) What are the pitfaults of using main memory for page table? How it cane be rectified? (8)
4) How associative memory can be used in page table? (6)
5) How page replacement is done in virtual memory?
6) What are the responsibilities of memory management software system? (2)
7) What are the common replacement algorithms used in page replacement? Explain them in detail. (6) ¶ 11:24 PM
1) What is virtual memory?
It is a concept used in some large computer systems that permit the user to construct programs as though a large memory space were available, equal to the totality of the computer.
2) What is virtual address or logical address?
The binary address that the processor issue for either instructions or data are called virtula or logical address.
3) What is physical address or location?
The address in main memory.
4) What is address space?
The set of virtual adddresses form address space.They are the set of addresses generated by the programmer as they reference instructions and data.
5) What is memory space?
The set of physical addresses form memory space.They are the actual memory locations directly addressable for processing.
6) What is map table?
The table used for mapping the logical address into physical address.
7) What is page frame or block?
The physical memory is broken into groups of equal size called blocks. The other name of block is Page frame.
8) What is page?
The virtual memory is divided into groups of equal size called pages.
9)What is page fault?
The condition at which the block referenced in main memory is not found is called page fault. If it is not found, it suspend the current program execution and get the page from virtual memory and resume the execution.
Other questions:
1) What is virtual memory, address space and memory space. Explain the mapping of address space to memory space in detail with diagrams. (16)
2) How address to memory mapping is done with pages in virtual memory? (8)
3) What are the pitfaults of using main memory for page table? How it cane be rectified? (8)
4) How associative memory can be used in page table? (6)
5) How page replacement is done in virtual memory?
6) What are the responsibilities of memory management software system? (2)
7) What are the common replacement algorithms used in page replacement? Explain them in detail. (6) ¶ 11:24 PM
Thursday, October 13, 2005
Cache memory
1. What is cache memory?
Cache memory is the fastest in memory hierarchy, which contain the in formations and instructions which are most frequently reference and currently in execution
2. What is locality of reference?
The reference of memory at a given interval of time is confined within a few localized areas in memory. This phenomenon is the property of locality of reference
3. Define cache hit.
When CPU tries to access a word, and if the referenced word is found in cache, it is cache hit
4. Define Cache miss
If the CPU is not able to find a word in cache, and it check in main memory, it is called cache miss
5. Define hit ratio
The ratio of number of cache hits to the total number of references
6. Define miss ratio
The ratio of number of cache misses to the total number of references
7. Define mapping
The transformation of data from main memory to cache memory is mapping
There are 3 types of mapping
i) Associative Mapping
ii) Direct Mapping
iii) Set- associative Mapping
8. What is write – through in caches write?
If the main memory is updated with every memory write operation, with cache memory in parallel
9. What is write- back in cache write?
Only the cache location will be updated during write operation, and the main memory will be updated only when the word is removed from cache.
10. What is valid bit?
Valid bit is the bit used for each word in cache, to indicate whether it contain valid data or not
11. What are the disadvantages of each mapping technique?
i) Associative mapping – Expensive than RAM, as match logic is associated with each cell
ii) Direct mapping – Reduce hit ratio, if words with same index and different tag are referenced repeatedly
Two words with same index and different tag values cannot reside in cache at same time
iii) Set- associative mapping- The increase in set need more bits in words, and also more complex comparison logic
Other Questions………
1. Explain cache memory and the mapping technologies involved in it? (16)
2. Briefly explain about associative mapping (4)
3. Explain direct mapping (8)
4. Explain about set- associative mapping (6)
5. How data can be written into cache (6) ¶ 8:44 PM
Cache memory is the fastest in memory hierarchy, which contain the in formations and instructions which are most frequently reference and currently in execution
2. What is locality of reference?
The reference of memory at a given interval of time is confined within a few localized areas in memory. This phenomenon is the property of locality of reference
3. Define cache hit.
When CPU tries to access a word, and if the referenced word is found in cache, it is cache hit
4. Define Cache miss
If the CPU is not able to find a word in cache, and it check in main memory, it is called cache miss
5. Define hit ratio
The ratio of number of cache hits to the total number of references
6. Define miss ratio
The ratio of number of cache misses to the total number of references
7. Define mapping
The transformation of data from main memory to cache memory is mapping
There are 3 types of mapping
i) Associative Mapping
ii) Direct Mapping
iii) Set- associative Mapping
8. What is write – through in caches write?
If the main memory is updated with every memory write operation, with cache memory in parallel
9. What is write- back in cache write?
Only the cache location will be updated during write operation, and the main memory will be updated only when the word is removed from cache.
10. What is valid bit?
Valid bit is the bit used for each word in cache, to indicate whether it contain valid data or not
11. What are the disadvantages of each mapping technique?
i) Associative mapping – Expensive than RAM, as match logic is associated with each cell
ii) Direct mapping – Reduce hit ratio, if words with same index and different tag are referenced repeatedly
Two words with same index and different tag values cannot reside in cache at same time
iii) Set- associative mapping- The increase in set need more bits in words, and also more complex comparison logic
Other Questions………
1. Explain cache memory and the mapping technologies involved in it? (16)
2. Briefly explain about associative mapping (4)
3. Explain direct mapping (8)
4. Explain about set- associative mapping (6)
5. How data can be written into cache (6) ¶ 8:44 PM
Associative memory
Two Mark questions
1. What is associative memory (or) what is content addressable memory?
The memory unit in which the storage locations are identified by their contents or by part of their contents rather than by position is associative memory
(or)
The memory unit accessed by content of data itself is called associative memory (or) content addressable memory
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of associative memory?
Advantages: This is suitable for parallel searches. It is also used where search time needs to be short
Disadvantages : This is expensive than RAM, as each cell must have storage capability and logical circuits for matching its content with external argument
3. What are the uses of argument register; key register and match register in associative memory?
Argument register-It holds the external argument, which needs to be searched.
Key register -This specifies which part of the argument word needs to be compared with words in memory. If all bits in register are 1, The entire word should be compared. Otherwise, only the bits having k-bit set to 1 will be compared.
Match Register- This has one bit for each word in memory. The corresponding bit will be set to 1, if it is matching
4. Draw the block diagram of associative memory (or) Draw the hardware organization of associative memory (2)
Other Questions………
1. Draw the logical diagram for the internal organization of a cell in associative memory (4)
2. How match logic compare the argument register word with memory word? (6)
3. Explain about read operation in associative memory (4)
4. Explain about write operation in associative memory (8) ¶ 8:42 PM
1. What is associative memory (or) what is content addressable memory?
The memory unit in which the storage locations are identified by their contents or by part of their contents rather than by position is associative memory
(or)
The memory unit accessed by content of data itself is called associative memory (or) content addressable memory
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of associative memory?
Advantages: This is suitable for parallel searches. It is also used where search time needs to be short
Disadvantages : This is expensive than RAM, as each cell must have storage capability and logical circuits for matching its content with external argument
3. What are the uses of argument register; key register and match register in associative memory?
Argument register-It holds the external argument, which needs to be searched.
Key register -This specifies which part of the argument word needs to be compared with words in memory. If all bits in register are 1, The entire word should be compared. Otherwise, only the bits having k-bit set to 1 will be compared.
Match Register- This has one bit for each word in memory. The corresponding bit will be set to 1, if it is matching
4. Draw the block diagram of associative memory (or) Draw the hardware organization of associative memory (2)
Other Questions………
1. Draw the logical diagram for the internal organization of a cell in associative memory (4)
2. How match logic compare the argument register word with memory word? (6)
3. Explain about read operation in associative memory (4)
4. Explain about write operation in associative memory (8) ¶ 8:42 PM
Auxiliary memory
Two Mark Questions……..
1. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that are used for backup storage are called auxiliary memory devices
2. What are the important characteristics of auxiliary devices?
The important characteristics of storage devices are its access mode, access time, transfer rate, capacity and cost
3. Define access time
The average time required to reach a storage location in memory and obtain its contents is access time
4. What is seek time?
In disks and tapes, the time required to position the read –write head to particular location is called seek time
5. What is transfer time?
The average time required to transfer data to or from the device is transfer time
6. What is transfer rate?
The number of characters or words that the device can transfer per second, after it has been positioned at the beginning of the record is called transfer rate
Other questions……
1. Write notes on magnetic disk and explain tracks and sectors with diagram (8)
2. Write notes on magnetic tape (6)
3. What is auxiliary device, and explain the commonly used auxiliary devices (16) ¶ 8:41 PM
1. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that are used for backup storage are called auxiliary memory devices
2. What are the important characteristics of auxiliary devices?
The important characteristics of storage devices are its access mode, access time, transfer rate, capacity and cost
3. Define access time
The average time required to reach a storage location in memory and obtain its contents is access time
4. What is seek time?
In disks and tapes, the time required to position the read –write head to particular location is called seek time
5. What is transfer time?
The average time required to transfer data to or from the device is transfer time
6. What is transfer rate?
The number of characters or words that the device can transfer per second, after it has been positioned at the beginning of the record is called transfer rate
Other questions……
1. Write notes on magnetic disk and explain tracks and sectors with diagram (8)
2. Write notes on magnetic tape (6)
3. What is auxiliary device, and explain the commonly used auxiliary devices (16) ¶ 8:41 PM
Main Memory
Two mark questions
1. What is main memory?
It is the central storage unit in computer, which communicates directly with CPU. It is relatively fast, and it hold programs and data for execution.
2. What are the two operating modes of RAM chips?
i) Static RAM – It has flip-flops to store binary information. The information stays till power is applied
ii) Dynamic RAM – It store binary information as charges in capacitors. Capacitors must be recharged to restored data
3. What are the advantages of static RAM and dynamic RAM?
Static RAM- It is easier to use, and has short read and write cycles
Dynamic Ram- reduces power consumption and large storage capacity in single memory chip
4. What is ROM?
ROM stands for read only memory. It holds permanently resident programs and tables that do not change its value after it is embedded in the computer chip once
5. What is bootstrap loader?
Bootstrap loader is a program, which starts the operating system when power is turned on. It resides in ROM
6. What are the differences between RAM and ROM?
i) RAM – Volatile storage
ROM – non-volatile storage
ii) RAM – Contents can be destroyed and new data can be written again. Hence it is Read/ Write memory
ROM- Data remain unchanged. Hence it is Read only memory
iii) RAM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, RD, WR and 7 address lines
ROM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, 9 address lines
7. Draw the block diagram of RAM chip (2)
8. What is high impedance state?
The state in which output does not carry a signal and has no logic significance
9. What are the uses of chip select signals in RAM chip?
CS1 is used for enabling the chip, and CS2 is to decode the address and also indicate about RAM/ ROM selection
10. Draw the block diagram of ROM chip (8)
11. What is memory address map?
Memory address map is a table, which specifies the memory address assigned to each chip, and also helps in selection of chip
Other questions:
1. Explain main memory, and the types of main memory (16)
2. Draw the block diagram of RAM and ROM and explain about them (10)
3. How memory is connected when 512 x 8 RAM and 512 x 8 ROM are needed? Explain in detail. (10) ¶ 8:37 PM
1. What is main memory?
It is the central storage unit in computer, which communicates directly with CPU. It is relatively fast, and it hold programs and data for execution.
2. What are the two operating modes of RAM chips?
i) Static RAM – It has flip-flops to store binary information. The information stays till power is applied
ii) Dynamic RAM – It store binary information as charges in capacitors. Capacitors must be recharged to restored data
3. What are the advantages of static RAM and dynamic RAM?
Static RAM- It is easier to use, and has short read and write cycles
Dynamic Ram- reduces power consumption and large storage capacity in single memory chip
4. What is ROM?
ROM stands for read only memory. It holds permanently resident programs and tables that do not change its value after it is embedded in the computer chip once
5. What is bootstrap loader?
Bootstrap loader is a program, which starts the operating system when power is turned on. It resides in ROM
6. What are the differences between RAM and ROM?
i) RAM – Volatile storage
ROM – non-volatile storage
ii) RAM – Contents can be destroyed and new data can be written again. Hence it is Read/ Write memory
ROM- Data remain unchanged. Hence it is Read only memory
iii) RAM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, RD, WR and 7 address lines
ROM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, 9 address lines
7. Draw the block diagram of RAM chip (2)
8. What is high impedance state?
The state in which output does not carry a signal and has no logic significance
9. What are the uses of chip select signals in RAM chip?
CS1 is used for enabling the chip, and CS2 is to decode the address and also indicate about RAM/ ROM selection
10. Draw the block diagram of ROM chip (8)
11. What is memory address map?
Memory address map is a table, which specifies the memory address assigned to each chip, and also helps in selection of chip
Other questions:
1. Explain main memory, and the types of main memory (16)
2. Draw the block diagram of RAM and ROM and explain about them (10)
3. How memory is connected when 512 x 8 RAM and 512 x 8 ROM are needed? Explain in detail. (10) ¶ 8:37 PM
Memory Hierarchy
Two Mark questions……
1. Define memory.
Memory is the program- addressable storage from which instructions and other data can be loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or programming
2. What are the types of main memory?
i) Main memory
ii) Auxiliary memory
iii) Associative memory
iv) Cache memory
v) Virtual memory
3. What is main memory?
The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main memory. It holds programs and data currently needed by the processor.
4. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that help for backup storage are called auxiliary memory
5. What is cache memory?
Very high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of processing. It holds the programs and data needed by CPU for execution
6. What are the differences between cache memory and auxiliary memory?
Ø Cache holds parts of program and data that are most heavily used.
Ø Auxiliary memory holds parts of data that are not presently used by CPU.
Ø Cache memory block size: 1 to 16 words
Ø Auxiliary memory block size: 256-2048 words
7. Define multiprogramming
The existence of two or more programs in different parts of memory hierarchy at the same time
8. What is memory management system?
The part of the computer system that supervises the flow of information between auxiliary memory and main memory is called memory management system
Other Questions:
1. Draw the block diagram of memory hierarchy in computer system (2)
2. Write notes on memory hierarchy and briefly explain about each component (8)
3. What is the role of I/O Processor in memory hierarchy of computer system? (2)
4. What are the reasons for representing computer memory in hierarchical manner? (2)
5. Compare each storage devices (memory) in hierarchy, and how they are different form other (4) ¶ 8:35 PM
1. Define memory.
Memory is the program- addressable storage from which instructions and other data can be loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or programming
2. What are the types of main memory?
i) Main memory
ii) Auxiliary memory
iii) Associative memory
iv) Cache memory
v) Virtual memory
3. What is main memory?
The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main memory. It holds programs and data currently needed by the processor.
4. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that help for backup storage are called auxiliary memory
5. What is cache memory?
Very high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of processing. It holds the programs and data needed by CPU for execution
6. What are the differences between cache memory and auxiliary memory?
Ø Cache holds parts of program and data that are most heavily used.
Ø Auxiliary memory holds parts of data that are not presently used by CPU.
Ø Cache memory block size: 1 to 16 words
Ø Auxiliary memory block size: 256-2048 words
7. Define multiprogramming
The existence of two or more programs in different parts of memory hierarchy at the same time
8. What is memory management system?
The part of the computer system that supervises the flow of information between auxiliary memory and main memory is called memory management system
Other Questions:
1. Draw the block diagram of memory hierarchy in computer system (2)
2. Write notes on memory hierarchy and briefly explain about each component (8)
3. What is the role of I/O Processor in memory hierarchy of computer system? (2)
4. What are the reasons for representing computer memory in hierarchical manner? (2)
5. Compare each storage devices (memory) in hierarchy, and how they are different form other (4) ¶ 8:35 PM
