Computer Organization...
Tuesday, November 29, 2005
UNIT 1,2,3
1. Find the corresponding decimal number for the binary number 101101
1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20 = 45
(101101) 2 = (45) 10
2. Find the corresponding binary number for the decimal number 41.6875
(41.6875) 10 = (101001.1011) 2
3. Find the equivalent decimal number of hexadecimal number F3
(F3) 16 = F*16 + 3
= 15*16 +3
= (243) 10
4. Add two numbers using 2’s complement
(-2)+4
1110 (2’s complement of -2)
0100
0010 è 2
5. Find 9’s complement for 546700
999999
546700
453299
6. Write the 10’s complement of the decimal number 2389
10’s complement of the decimal number 2389= (9’s complement of 2389) + 1=>7611
7. Draw the graphic symbol and truth table for AND, NOR gates.
8. What is minterms?
Each combination of the variables in a truth table is called a minterms.
9. Simplify the following expression using Karnaugh map
F (A, B, C) = å (3, 4, 6, 7)
10. What is don’t care condition?
Minterm, which may produce either 0 or 1, is termed as don’t care condition. This is useful to get more simplify expression. The symbol for don’t care condition is X.
11. Obtain the simplified expression of the following function using don’t care condition.
f (A, B, C ) = å (0, 2, 6)
d (A, B, C ) = å (1, 3, 5)
12. What is combinational circuit?
Combinational circuit is a connected arrangement of logic gates with a set of inputs and outputs.
13. Short notes on SR Flip-Flop.
SR Flip-Flop has three inputs. S (for set), R (for reset), C (for clock). Only when the clock signal changes from 0 to 1 can the output be affected according to the values in inputs S and R.
14. What are the classifications of integrated circuits depends upon the number of pins?
i. Small scale integration (SSI)
ii. Medium scale integration (MSI)
iii. Long scale integration (LSI)
iv. Very long scale integration (VLSI)
15. Convert the following octal number to decimal number
736.4
(736.4) 8= 7 * 82 + 3 * 81 +6 * 80 + 4 * 8-1
= 7 * 64 + 3 *8 + 6 *1 + 4/8 = (478.5) 10
16. What is Digital Computer? Draw the block diagram of digital computer.
Digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. They use the binary system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
Block diagram.
17. What is sequential Circuit? Draw the block diagram for it.
A sequential circuit is an interconnection of flip-flops and gates (combinational circuit).
18. What are the different logic families of integrated circuits?
TTL- Transistor- Transistor logic
ECL-Emitter-coupled logic
MOS-Metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
19. What is decoder?
A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n-order
inputs to maximum of 2n unique outputs.
20. What is shift register?
A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register.
21. What are the two major types of memories used in computer systems?
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
22. What is Encoder?
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An
encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines.
23. What is multiplexers?
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives binary information from one of 2n input data lines and directs it to a single output line.
24. What is unidirectional shift register and bidirectional shift register?
A register capable of shifting in one direction only is called unidirectional shift register.
A register can shift in both directions is called a bidirectional shift register.
25. What is counter?
A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of input pulses is called a counter.
26. What is binary counter?
A counter that follows the binary number sequence is called a binary counter. n-bit binary counter is a register of n flip-flops.
27. What is memory unit?
Memory unit is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of storage.
28. What is word?
A memory stores binary information in groups of bits called word. A group of eight bits is called bytes.
29. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a new word to be stored into Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Apply the data bits that must be stored in memory into the data input lines.
iii. Activate the write input.
30. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a stored word out of Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Activate the read input.
31. Write some types of ROM.
Programmable read only memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable read only memory (EPROM)
Electrical Erasable Programmable read only memory (EEPROM)
32. What is a micro operation?
The operations executed on data stored in registers are called micro operations.
33. Write some examples for micro operations.
Shift, count, clear and load
34. What is register transfer language?
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operations transfers among registers is called a register transfer language.
35. What is register transfer?
Information transfer from one register to another is designated in symbolic, form by means of a replacement operator. The statement
R2ß R1
denotes a transfer of the content of register R1 into R2.
36. Short notes on memory transfer.
The transfer of information from a memory word to the outside environment is called a read operation. The transfer of new information to be stored into the memory is called a write operation. A memory word is symbolized by the letter M. The particular memory word among the many available is selected by the memory address during the transfer.
37. What are the classifications of micro operations in a digital system?
i. Register transfer micro operations transfer binary information from one register to another.
ii. Arithmetic micro operations perform arithmetic operations on numeric data stored in registers.
iii. Logic micro operations perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers.
iv. Shift micro operations perform shift operations on data stored in registers.
38. What is binary adder?
The digital circuit that generates the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers of any length is called a binary adder.
39. Name some logic micro operations.
FßAÚB
FßAÙB
FßA
40. What is instruction code?
An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.
41. What is operation code?
The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation part. The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
42. Write the difference between direct address and indirect address.
When the instruction specifies the address of an operand, the instruction is said to have a direct address. The instruction specifies the address of a memory word in which the address of the operand is found. It is called the indirect address.
43. What are the three types of instruction code formats?
Memory-reference instruction
Register reference Instruction
Input- output instruction.
44. What are the two major types of control organization?
Hardwired control
Micro programmed control.
45. What are the phases involving in instruction cycle?
Fetch the instruction from memory
Decode the instruction
Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.
Execute the instruction.
46. What is program?
A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task.
47. What is assembler?
Each symbolic instruction can be translated into one binary coded instruction. This translation is done by a specific program called an assembler. Because an assembler translates the symbols, this type of symbolic program is referred to as an assembly language.
48. Short notes on assembly language.
Each line of an assembly language program is arranged in three columns called fields. The fields specify the following information.
i. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address.
ii.The instruction field specifies a machine instruction or a pseudo instruction.
iii.The comment field may be empty or it may include a comment.
49. What is pseudo instruction?
A pseudo instruction is not a machine instruction but rather an instruction to the assembler giving information about some phases of the translation . Some examples for pseudo instruction symbols are.
ORG N
END
DEC N
HEX N
50. Short notes on two-pass assembler.
The input is scanned by the assembler twice to produce the equivalent binary program. A two-pass assembler scans the entire symbolic program twice. During the first pass, it generates a table that correlates all user-defined address symbols with their binary equivalent value. The binary translation is done during the second pass.
51. What is location counter?
To keep track of the location of instructions, the assembler uses a memory word called a location counter. (Abbreviated LC).
52. What is program loop?
A program loop is a sequence of instructions that are executed many times, each time with a different set of data. Program loops are specified in FORTRAN by a DO Statement.
53. What is compiler?
A system program that translates a program written in a high-level programming language is called a compiler.
54. What is index register?
When processor registers are used as pointers and counter, they are called index register. ¶ 2:00 AM 0 comments
1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20 = 45
(101101) 2 = (45) 10
2. Find the corresponding binary number for the decimal number 41.6875
(41.6875) 10 = (101001.1011) 2
3. Find the equivalent decimal number of hexadecimal number F3
(F3) 16 = F*16 + 3
= 15*16 +3
= (243) 10
4. Add two numbers using 2’s complement
(-2)+4
1110 (2’s complement of -2)
0100
0010 è 2
5. Find 9’s complement for 546700
999999
546700
453299
6. Write the 10’s complement of the decimal number 2389
10’s complement of the decimal number 2389= (9’s complement of 2389) + 1=>7611
7. Draw the graphic symbol and truth table for AND, NOR gates.
8. What is minterms?
Each combination of the variables in a truth table is called a minterms.
9. Simplify the following expression using Karnaugh map
F (A, B, C) = å (3, 4, 6, 7)
10. What is don’t care condition?
Minterm, which may produce either 0 or 1, is termed as don’t care condition. This is useful to get more simplify expression. The symbol for don’t care condition is X.
11. Obtain the simplified expression of the following function using don’t care condition.
f (A, B, C ) = å (0, 2, 6)
d (A, B, C ) = å (1, 3, 5)
12. What is combinational circuit?
Combinational circuit is a connected arrangement of logic gates with a set of inputs and outputs.
13. Short notes on SR Flip-Flop.
SR Flip-Flop has three inputs. S (for set), R (for reset), C (for clock). Only when the clock signal changes from 0 to 1 can the output be affected according to the values in inputs S and R.
14. What are the classifications of integrated circuits depends upon the number of pins?
i. Small scale integration (SSI)
ii. Medium scale integration (MSI)
iii. Long scale integration (LSI)
iv. Very long scale integration (VLSI)
15. Convert the following octal number to decimal number
736.4
(736.4) 8= 7 * 82 + 3 * 81 +6 * 80 + 4 * 8-1
= 7 * 64 + 3 *8 + 6 *1 + 4/8 = (478.5) 10
16. What is Digital Computer? Draw the block diagram of digital computer.
Digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. They use the binary system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
Block diagram.
17. What is sequential Circuit? Draw the block diagram for it.
A sequential circuit is an interconnection of flip-flops and gates (combinational circuit).
18. What are the different logic families of integrated circuits?
TTL- Transistor- Transistor logic
ECL-Emitter-coupled logic
MOS-Metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
19. What is decoder?
A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n-order
inputs to maximum of 2n unique outputs.
20. What is shift register?
A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register.
21. What are the two major types of memories used in computer systems?
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
22. What is Encoder?
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An
encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines.
23. What is multiplexers?
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives binary information from one of 2n input data lines and directs it to a single output line.
24. What is unidirectional shift register and bidirectional shift register?
A register capable of shifting in one direction only is called unidirectional shift register.
A register can shift in both directions is called a bidirectional shift register.
25. What is counter?
A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of input pulses is called a counter.
26. What is binary counter?
A counter that follows the binary number sequence is called a binary counter. n-bit binary counter is a register of n flip-flops.
27. What is memory unit?
Memory unit is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of storage.
28. What is word?
A memory stores binary information in groups of bits called word. A group of eight bits is called bytes.
29. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a new word to be stored into Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Apply the data bits that must be stored in memory into the data input lines.
iii. Activate the write input.
30. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a stored word out of Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Activate the read input.
31. Write some types of ROM.
Programmable read only memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable read only memory (EPROM)
Electrical Erasable Programmable read only memory (EEPROM)
32. What is a micro operation?
The operations executed on data stored in registers are called micro operations.
33. Write some examples for micro operations.
Shift, count, clear and load
34. What is register transfer language?
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operations transfers among registers is called a register transfer language.
35. What is register transfer?
Information transfer from one register to another is designated in symbolic, form by means of a replacement operator. The statement
R2ß R1
denotes a transfer of the content of register R1 into R2.
36. Short notes on memory transfer.
The transfer of information from a memory word to the outside environment is called a read operation. The transfer of new information to be stored into the memory is called a write operation. A memory word is symbolized by the letter M. The particular memory word among the many available is selected by the memory address during the transfer.
37. What are the classifications of micro operations in a digital system?
i. Register transfer micro operations transfer binary information from one register to another.
ii. Arithmetic micro operations perform arithmetic operations on numeric data stored in registers.
iii. Logic micro operations perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers.
iv. Shift micro operations perform shift operations on data stored in registers.
38. What is binary adder?
The digital circuit that generates the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers of any length is called a binary adder.
39. Name some logic micro operations.
FßAÚB
FßAÙB
FßA
40. What is instruction code?
An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.
41. What is operation code?
The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation part. The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
42. Write the difference between direct address and indirect address.
When the instruction specifies the address of an operand, the instruction is said to have a direct address. The instruction specifies the address of a memory word in which the address of the operand is found. It is called the indirect address.
43. What are the three types of instruction code formats?
Memory-reference instruction
Register reference Instruction
Input- output instruction.
44. What are the two major types of control organization?
Hardwired control
Micro programmed control.
45. What are the phases involving in instruction cycle?
Fetch the instruction from memory
Decode the instruction
Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.
Execute the instruction.
46. What is program?
A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task.
47. What is assembler?
Each symbolic instruction can be translated into one binary coded instruction. This translation is done by a specific program called an assembler. Because an assembler translates the symbols, this type of symbolic program is referred to as an assembly language.
48. Short notes on assembly language.
Each line of an assembly language program is arranged in three columns called fields. The fields specify the following information.
i. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address.
ii.The instruction field specifies a machine instruction or a pseudo instruction.
iii.The comment field may be empty or it may include a comment.
49. What is pseudo instruction?
A pseudo instruction is not a machine instruction but rather an instruction to the assembler giving information about some phases of the translation . Some examples for pseudo instruction symbols are.
ORG N
END
DEC N
HEX N
50. Short notes on two-pass assembler.
The input is scanned by the assembler twice to produce the equivalent binary program. A two-pass assembler scans the entire symbolic program twice. During the first pass, it generates a table that correlates all user-defined address symbols with their binary equivalent value. The binary translation is done during the second pass.
51. What is location counter?
To keep track of the location of instructions, the assembler uses a memory word called a location counter. (Abbreviated LC).
52. What is program loop?
A program loop is a sequence of instructions that are executed many times, each time with a different set of data. Program loops are specified in FORTRAN by a DO Statement.
53. What is compiler?
A system program that translates a program written in a high-level programming language is called a compiler.
54. What is index register?
When processor registers are used as pointers and counter, they are called index register. ¶ 2:00 AM 0 comments
What are the different types of instruction formats?
i)Three address instructions ii) Two address instructions
iii) One address instructions iv) Zero address instructions.
What is a program counter?
Program counter is the register in the computer that keeps track of the instructions to be executed. It holds the next instruction to be executed.
What is implied mode?
The operands are specified implicitly in the instruction. For example : Complement accumulator
What is Immediate mode?
The operands are specified in the instruction itself. Instead of address it has the operand field
What is register mode?
When the address field specifies a processor register, it is said to be register mode instruction.
What is register indirect mode?
The instruction specifies a register in the CPU whose contents give the address of the operand in memory.
What is autoincrement or autodecrement mode?
In this the register content is incremented or decremented after or before its value is used to access memory.
What is effective address?
Effective address is defined to be the memory address obtained from the computation dictated by the given addressing mode. This normally adds the address given in register or memory location with a constant to find the resultant address.
What is direct address mode?
The effective address is equal to the address part of the instruction. The operand resides in memory and its address is given directly by the address field of the instruction.
What is indirect address mode?
The address field of the instruction gives the address where effective address is stored in memory. Control fetched the instruction from memory and uses its address part to access memory again to read the effective address.
What is relative address mode?
In relative address mode, the content of the program counter is added to the address part of the instruction in order to obtain the effective address.
What is indexed addressing mode?
The content of the index register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What is base register addressing mode?
The content of the base register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What are the types of instructions?
i. Data transfer instructions
ii. Data manipulation instructions
iii. Program control instructions
What is data transfer instruction? List them.
Data transfer instructions move data from one place to another without changing the data content. They transfer data between memory and processor registers, between processor registers and input or output, and between processor register themselves.
They include
i) Load ii) Store iii) Move iv) Exchange
v) Input vi) Output vii) Push viii) Pop
What are data manipulation instructions? What are the types?
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational capabilities for the computer. They are of three types:
i. Arithmetic instruction
ii. Logical and bit manipulation instructions
iii. Shift instructions
What are arithmetic instructions? List them.
The four basic arithmetic operation are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. They are Increment, Decrement, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Add with carry, Subtract with Borrow, Negate
What are the status register bits?
Carry, Sign, Zero, Overflow (Briefly explain them)
What is a program status word?
The collection of all status bit conditions in the CPU is called program status word or PSW.
What are the types of Interrupts?
There are three major types of interrupts that cause a break in the normal execution of a program. They can be classified as:
i. External Interrupts
ii. Internal Interrupts
iii. Software interrupts ¶ 1:44 AM 0 comments
i)Three address instructions ii) Two address instructions
iii) One address instructions iv) Zero address instructions.
What is a program counter?
Program counter is the register in the computer that keeps track of the instructions to be executed. It holds the next instruction to be executed.
What is implied mode?
The operands are specified implicitly in the instruction. For example : Complement accumulator
What is Immediate mode?
The operands are specified in the instruction itself. Instead of address it has the operand field
What is register mode?
When the address field specifies a processor register, it is said to be register mode instruction.
What is register indirect mode?
The instruction specifies a register in the CPU whose contents give the address of the operand in memory.
What is autoincrement or autodecrement mode?
In this the register content is incremented or decremented after or before its value is used to access memory.
What is effective address?
Effective address is defined to be the memory address obtained from the computation dictated by the given addressing mode. This normally adds the address given in register or memory location with a constant to find the resultant address.
What is direct address mode?
The effective address is equal to the address part of the instruction. The operand resides in memory and its address is given directly by the address field of the instruction.
What is indirect address mode?
The address field of the instruction gives the address where effective address is stored in memory. Control fetched the instruction from memory and uses its address part to access memory again to read the effective address.
What is relative address mode?
In relative address mode, the content of the program counter is added to the address part of the instruction in order to obtain the effective address.
What is indexed addressing mode?
The content of the index register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What is base register addressing mode?
The content of the base register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What are the types of instructions?
i. Data transfer instructions
ii. Data manipulation instructions
iii. Program control instructions
What is data transfer instruction? List them.
Data transfer instructions move data from one place to another without changing the data content. They transfer data between memory and processor registers, between processor registers and input or output, and between processor register themselves.
They include
i) Load ii) Store iii) Move iv) Exchange
v) Input vi) Output vii) Push viii) Pop
What are data manipulation instructions? What are the types?
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational capabilities for the computer. They are of three types:
i. Arithmetic instruction
ii. Logical and bit manipulation instructions
iii. Shift instructions
What are arithmetic instructions? List them.
The four basic arithmetic operation are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. They are Increment, Decrement, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Add with carry, Subtract with Borrow, Negate
What are the status register bits?
Carry, Sign, Zero, Overflow (Briefly explain them)
What is a program status word?
The collection of all status bit conditions in the CPU is called program status word or PSW.
What are the types of Interrupts?
There are three major types of interrupts that cause a break in the normal execution of a program. They can be classified as:
i. External Interrupts
ii. Internal Interrupts
iii. Software interrupts ¶ 1:44 AM 0 comments
DMA, IOP
What is handshaking?
When data is being transferred between two units, the units receiving the data responds with another control signal to acknowledge the receipt of the data. This type of agreement between two independent units is called handshaking.
What is synchronous transmission?
Synchronous transmission allows two units to share a common clock frequency and bits are transmitted continuously at the rate dictated by the clock pulse.
What is asynchronous transmission?
The asynchronous transmission allow data transfer between more than two systems, in which they use special bits. The characters send consists of three parts: a start bit, the character bits, and the stop bits. It starts transmission for start bit, and stops on receiving stop bit.
Define baud rate.
Baud rate is defined as the rate at which serial information is transmitted and is equivalent to the data transfer in bits per second.
What are the different modes of data transfer?
Data transfer to and from peripherals could be carried out in one of the following modes: i) Programmed I/O ii) Interrupt initiated I/O iii)Direct memory access
What is programmed I/O mode of data transfer?
Programmed I/O operations are carried out by the result of I/O instructions written to the computer program. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
What is interrupt?
When an interrupt request signal is issued, the processor suspends the execution of the currently executing program, and starts the execution of the interrupted program. Then, it starts the suspended program. This process is called interrupt.
What is DMA?
Direct memory access allows transfer of data into and out of the memory units through the memory bus, with out the use of CPU. This is called DMA transfer.
What is vectored and nonvectored interrupt?
In vectored interrupt, the branch address is assigned to the computer by the source that interrupts the program execution. In nonvectored interrupt, the branch address is stored in a separate portion of memory.
What is priority interrupt?
A priority interrupt is a system that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which request is to be services first, when two or more interrupts arrive at the same time.
What is polling?
Polling is the procedure used to identify the highest priority source by software. In this all interrupts have a common branching address, and the system takes care of all the interrupts in sequence. This tests the interrupts and the interrupt tested first will get the highest priority.
What is bus transfer?
While DMA communicates directly with memory, a block sequences consisting of a number of memory words is transferred in continuous burst while the DMA controller is master of memory bus. This is good for fast peripherals.
Define Cycle stealing.
Cycle stealing is the process in which the DMA controller transfer one data word at a time, after which it returns control of buses to CPU. The CPU delays the operation for one memory cycle to allow the direct memory I/O transfer to steal one memory cycle.
What is modem?
Modem stands for Modulator-demodulator, which converts the digital signals into audio tones to be transmitted over telephone lines and also converts audio tones from the lines to digital signals for the machines use.
What is half-duplex transmission?
Half-duplex transmission system is one that is capable of transmitting in both directions but data can be transmitted in only one direction at a time.
What is full-duplex transmission?
Full-duplex transmission can send and receive data in both directions simultaneously. ¶ 1:23 AM 0 comments
When data is being transferred between two units, the units receiving the data responds with another control signal to acknowledge the receipt of the data. This type of agreement between two independent units is called handshaking.
What is synchronous transmission?
Synchronous transmission allows two units to share a common clock frequency and bits are transmitted continuously at the rate dictated by the clock pulse.
What is asynchronous transmission?
The asynchronous transmission allow data transfer between more than two systems, in which they use special bits. The characters send consists of three parts: a start bit, the character bits, and the stop bits. It starts transmission for start bit, and stops on receiving stop bit.
Define baud rate.
Baud rate is defined as the rate at which serial information is transmitted and is equivalent to the data transfer in bits per second.
What are the different modes of data transfer?
Data transfer to and from peripherals could be carried out in one of the following modes: i) Programmed I/O ii) Interrupt initiated I/O iii)Direct memory access
What is programmed I/O mode of data transfer?
Programmed I/O operations are carried out by the result of I/O instructions written to the computer program. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
What is interrupt?
When an interrupt request signal is issued, the processor suspends the execution of the currently executing program, and starts the execution of the interrupted program. Then, it starts the suspended program. This process is called interrupt.
What is DMA?
Direct memory access allows transfer of data into and out of the memory units through the memory bus, with out the use of CPU. This is called DMA transfer.
What is vectored and nonvectored interrupt?
In vectored interrupt, the branch address is assigned to the computer by the source that interrupts the program execution. In nonvectored interrupt, the branch address is stored in a separate portion of memory.
What is priority interrupt?
A priority interrupt is a system that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which request is to be services first, when two or more interrupts arrive at the same time.
What is polling?
Polling is the procedure used to identify the highest priority source by software. In this all interrupts have a common branching address, and the system takes care of all the interrupts in sequence. This tests the interrupts and the interrupt tested first will get the highest priority.
What is bus transfer?
While DMA communicates directly with memory, a block sequences consisting of a number of memory words is transferred in continuous burst while the DMA controller is master of memory bus. This is good for fast peripherals.
Define Cycle stealing.
Cycle stealing is the process in which the DMA controller transfer one data word at a time, after which it returns control of buses to CPU. The CPU delays the operation for one memory cycle to allow the direct memory I/O transfer to steal one memory cycle.
What is modem?
Modem stands for Modulator-demodulator, which converts the digital signals into audio tones to be transmitted over telephone lines and also converts audio tones from the lines to digital signals for the machines use.
What is half-duplex transmission?
Half-duplex transmission system is one that is capable of transmitting in both directions but data can be transmitted in only one direction at a time.
What is full-duplex transmission?
Full-duplex transmission can send and receive data in both directions simultaneously. ¶ 1:23 AM 0 comments
