Computer Organization...
Tuesday, November 29, 2005
UNIT 1,2,3
1. Find the corresponding decimal number for the binary number 101101
1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20 = 45
(101101) 2 = (45) 10
2. Find the corresponding binary number for the decimal number 41.6875
(41.6875) 10 = (101001.1011) 2
3. Find the equivalent decimal number of hexadecimal number F3
(F3) 16 = F*16 + 3
= 15*16 +3
= (243) 10
4. Add two numbers using 2’s complement
(-2)+4
1110 (2’s complement of -2)
0100
0010 è 2
5. Find 9’s complement for 546700
999999
546700
453299
6. Write the 10’s complement of the decimal number 2389
10’s complement of the decimal number 2389= (9’s complement of 2389) + 1=>7611
7. Draw the graphic symbol and truth table for AND, NOR gates.
8. What is minterms?
Each combination of the variables in a truth table is called a minterms.
9. Simplify the following expression using Karnaugh map
F (A, B, C) = å (3, 4, 6, 7)
10. What is don’t care condition?
Minterm, which may produce either 0 or 1, is termed as don’t care condition. This is useful to get more simplify expression. The symbol for don’t care condition is X.
11. Obtain the simplified expression of the following function using don’t care condition.
f (A, B, C ) = å (0, 2, 6)
d (A, B, C ) = å (1, 3, 5)
12. What is combinational circuit?
Combinational circuit is a connected arrangement of logic gates with a set of inputs and outputs.
13. Short notes on SR Flip-Flop.
SR Flip-Flop has three inputs. S (for set), R (for reset), C (for clock). Only when the clock signal changes from 0 to 1 can the output be affected according to the values in inputs S and R.
14. What are the classifications of integrated circuits depends upon the number of pins?
i. Small scale integration (SSI)
ii. Medium scale integration (MSI)
iii. Long scale integration (LSI)
iv. Very long scale integration (VLSI)
15. Convert the following octal number to decimal number
736.4
(736.4) 8= 7 * 82 + 3 * 81 +6 * 80 + 4 * 8-1
= 7 * 64 + 3 *8 + 6 *1 + 4/8 = (478.5) 10
16. What is Digital Computer? Draw the block diagram of digital computer.
Digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. They use the binary system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
Block diagram.
17. What is sequential Circuit? Draw the block diagram for it.
A sequential circuit is an interconnection of flip-flops and gates (combinational circuit).
18. What are the different logic families of integrated circuits?
TTL- Transistor- Transistor logic
ECL-Emitter-coupled logic
MOS-Metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
19. What is decoder?
A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n-order
inputs to maximum of 2n unique outputs.
20. What is shift register?
A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register.
21. What are the two major types of memories used in computer systems?
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
22. What is Encoder?
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An
encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines.
23. What is multiplexers?
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives binary information from one of 2n input data lines and directs it to a single output line.
24. What is unidirectional shift register and bidirectional shift register?
A register capable of shifting in one direction only is called unidirectional shift register.
A register can shift in both directions is called a bidirectional shift register.
25. What is counter?
A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of input pulses is called a counter.
26. What is binary counter?
A counter that follows the binary number sequence is called a binary counter. n-bit binary counter is a register of n flip-flops.
27. What is memory unit?
Memory unit is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of storage.
28. What is word?
A memory stores binary information in groups of bits called word. A group of eight bits is called bytes.
29. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a new word to be stored into Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Apply the data bits that must be stored in memory into the data input lines.
iii. Activate the write input.
30. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a stored word out of Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Activate the read input.
31. Write some types of ROM.
Programmable read only memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable read only memory (EPROM)
Electrical Erasable Programmable read only memory (EEPROM)
32. What is a micro operation?
The operations executed on data stored in registers are called micro operations.
33. Write some examples for micro operations.
Shift, count, clear and load
34. What is register transfer language?
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operations transfers among registers is called a register transfer language.
35. What is register transfer?
Information transfer from one register to another is designated in symbolic, form by means of a replacement operator. The statement
R2ß R1
denotes a transfer of the content of register R1 into R2.
36. Short notes on memory transfer.
The transfer of information from a memory word to the outside environment is called a read operation. The transfer of new information to be stored into the memory is called a write operation. A memory word is symbolized by the letter M. The particular memory word among the many available is selected by the memory address during the transfer.
37. What are the classifications of micro operations in a digital system?
i. Register transfer micro operations transfer binary information from one register to another.
ii. Arithmetic micro operations perform arithmetic operations on numeric data stored in registers.
iii. Logic micro operations perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers.
iv. Shift micro operations perform shift operations on data stored in registers.
38. What is binary adder?
The digital circuit that generates the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers of any length is called a binary adder.
39. Name some logic micro operations.
FßAÚB
FßAÙB
FßA
40. What is instruction code?
An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.
41. What is operation code?
The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation part. The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
42. Write the difference between direct address and indirect address.
When the instruction specifies the address of an operand, the instruction is said to have a direct address. The instruction specifies the address of a memory word in which the address of the operand is found. It is called the indirect address.
43. What are the three types of instruction code formats?
Memory-reference instruction
Register reference Instruction
Input- output instruction.
44. What are the two major types of control organization?
Hardwired control
Micro programmed control.
45. What are the phases involving in instruction cycle?
Fetch the instruction from memory
Decode the instruction
Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.
Execute the instruction.
46. What is program?
A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task.
47. What is assembler?
Each symbolic instruction can be translated into one binary coded instruction. This translation is done by a specific program called an assembler. Because an assembler translates the symbols, this type of symbolic program is referred to as an assembly language.
48. Short notes on assembly language.
Each line of an assembly language program is arranged in three columns called fields. The fields specify the following information.
i. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address.
ii.The instruction field specifies a machine instruction or a pseudo instruction.
iii.The comment field may be empty or it may include a comment.
49. What is pseudo instruction?
A pseudo instruction is not a machine instruction but rather an instruction to the assembler giving information about some phases of the translation . Some examples for pseudo instruction symbols are.
ORG N
END
DEC N
HEX N
50. Short notes on two-pass assembler.
The input is scanned by the assembler twice to produce the equivalent binary program. A two-pass assembler scans the entire symbolic program twice. During the first pass, it generates a table that correlates all user-defined address symbols with their binary equivalent value. The binary translation is done during the second pass.
51. What is location counter?
To keep track of the location of instructions, the assembler uses a memory word called a location counter. (Abbreviated LC).
52. What is program loop?
A program loop is a sequence of instructions that are executed many times, each time with a different set of data. Program loops are specified in FORTRAN by a DO Statement.
53. What is compiler?
A system program that translates a program written in a high-level programming language is called a compiler.
54. What is index register?
When processor registers are used as pointers and counter, they are called index register. ¶ 2:00 AM 0 comments
1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20 = 45
(101101) 2 = (45) 10
2. Find the corresponding binary number for the decimal number 41.6875
(41.6875) 10 = (101001.1011) 2
3. Find the equivalent decimal number of hexadecimal number F3
(F3) 16 = F*16 + 3
= 15*16 +3
= (243) 10
4. Add two numbers using 2’s complement
(-2)+4
1110 (2’s complement of -2)
0100
0010 è 2
5. Find 9’s complement for 546700
999999
546700
453299
6. Write the 10’s complement of the decimal number 2389
10’s complement of the decimal number 2389= (9’s complement of 2389) + 1=>7611
7. Draw the graphic symbol and truth table for AND, NOR gates.
8. What is minterms?
Each combination of the variables in a truth table is called a minterms.
9. Simplify the following expression using Karnaugh map
F (A, B, C) = å (3, 4, 6, 7)
10. What is don’t care condition?
Minterm, which may produce either 0 or 1, is termed as don’t care condition. This is useful to get more simplify expression. The symbol for don’t care condition is X.
11. Obtain the simplified expression of the following function using don’t care condition.
f (A, B, C ) = å (0, 2, 6)
d (A, B, C ) = å (1, 3, 5)
12. What is combinational circuit?
Combinational circuit is a connected arrangement of logic gates with a set of inputs and outputs.
13. Short notes on SR Flip-Flop.
SR Flip-Flop has three inputs. S (for set), R (for reset), C (for clock). Only when the clock signal changes from 0 to 1 can the output be affected according to the values in inputs S and R.
14. What are the classifications of integrated circuits depends upon the number of pins?
i. Small scale integration (SSI)
ii. Medium scale integration (MSI)
iii. Long scale integration (LSI)
iv. Very long scale integration (VLSI)
15. Convert the following octal number to decimal number
736.4
(736.4) 8= 7 * 82 + 3 * 81 +6 * 80 + 4 * 8-1
= 7 * 64 + 3 *8 + 6 *1 + 4/8 = (478.5) 10
16. What is Digital Computer? Draw the block diagram of digital computer.
Digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks. They use the binary system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit.
Block diagram.
17. What is sequential Circuit? Draw the block diagram for it.
A sequential circuit is an interconnection of flip-flops and gates (combinational circuit).
18. What are the different logic families of integrated circuits?
TTL- Transistor- Transistor logic
ECL-Emitter-coupled logic
MOS-Metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS-Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
19. What is decoder?
A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n-order
inputs to maximum of 2n unique outputs.
20. What is shift register?
A register capable of shifting its binary information in one or both directions is called shift register.
21. What are the two major types of memories used in computer systems?
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
22. What is Encoder?
An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a decoder. An
encoder has 2n input lines and n output lines.
23. What is multiplexers?
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives binary information from one of 2n input data lines and directs it to a single output line.
24. What is unidirectional shift register and bidirectional shift register?
A register capable of shifting in one direction only is called unidirectional shift register.
A register can shift in both directions is called a bidirectional shift register.
25. What is counter?
A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of input pulses is called a counter.
26. What is binary counter?
A counter that follows the binary number sequence is called a binary counter. n-bit binary counter is a register of n flip-flops.
27. What is memory unit?
Memory unit is a collection of storage cells together with associated circuits needed to transfer information in and out of storage.
28. What is word?
A memory stores binary information in groups of bits called word. A group of eight bits is called bytes.
29. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a new word to be stored into Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Apply the data bits that must be stored in memory into the data input lines.
iii. Activate the write input.
30. What are the steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a stored word out of Random Access Memory?
i. Apply the binary address of the desired word into the address lines.
ii. Activate the read input.
31. Write some types of ROM.
Programmable read only memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable read only memory (EPROM)
Electrical Erasable Programmable read only memory (EEPROM)
32. What is a micro operation?
The operations executed on data stored in registers are called micro operations.
33. Write some examples for micro operations.
Shift, count, clear and load
34. What is register transfer language?
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operations transfers among registers is called a register transfer language.
35. What is register transfer?
Information transfer from one register to another is designated in symbolic, form by means of a replacement operator. The statement
R2ß R1
denotes a transfer of the content of register R1 into R2.
36. Short notes on memory transfer.
The transfer of information from a memory word to the outside environment is called a read operation. The transfer of new information to be stored into the memory is called a write operation. A memory word is symbolized by the letter M. The particular memory word among the many available is selected by the memory address during the transfer.
37. What are the classifications of micro operations in a digital system?
i. Register transfer micro operations transfer binary information from one register to another.
ii. Arithmetic micro operations perform arithmetic operations on numeric data stored in registers.
iii. Logic micro operations perform bit manipulation operations on non-numeric data stored in registers.
iv. Shift micro operations perform shift operations on data stored in registers.
38. What is binary adder?
The digital circuit that generates the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers of any length is called a binary adder.
39. Name some logic micro operations.
FßAÚB
FßAÙB
FßA
40. What is instruction code?
An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the computer to perform a specific operation.
41. What is operation code?
The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation part. The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement.
42. Write the difference between direct address and indirect address.
When the instruction specifies the address of an operand, the instruction is said to have a direct address. The instruction specifies the address of a memory word in which the address of the operand is found. It is called the indirect address.
43. What are the three types of instruction code formats?
Memory-reference instruction
Register reference Instruction
Input- output instruction.
44. What are the two major types of control organization?
Hardwired control
Micro programmed control.
45. What are the phases involving in instruction cycle?
Fetch the instruction from memory
Decode the instruction
Read the effective address from memory if the instruction has an indirect address.
Execute the instruction.
46. What is program?
A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task.
47. What is assembler?
Each symbolic instruction can be translated into one binary coded instruction. This translation is done by a specific program called an assembler. Because an assembler translates the symbols, this type of symbolic program is referred to as an assembly language.
48. Short notes on assembly language.
Each line of an assembly language program is arranged in three columns called fields. The fields specify the following information.
i. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address.
ii.The instruction field specifies a machine instruction or a pseudo instruction.
iii.The comment field may be empty or it may include a comment.
49. What is pseudo instruction?
A pseudo instruction is not a machine instruction but rather an instruction to the assembler giving information about some phases of the translation . Some examples for pseudo instruction symbols are.
ORG N
END
DEC N
HEX N
50. Short notes on two-pass assembler.
The input is scanned by the assembler twice to produce the equivalent binary program. A two-pass assembler scans the entire symbolic program twice. During the first pass, it generates a table that correlates all user-defined address symbols with their binary equivalent value. The binary translation is done during the second pass.
51. What is location counter?
To keep track of the location of instructions, the assembler uses a memory word called a location counter. (Abbreviated LC).
52. What is program loop?
A program loop is a sequence of instructions that are executed many times, each time with a different set of data. Program loops are specified in FORTRAN by a DO Statement.
53. What is compiler?
A system program that translates a program written in a high-level programming language is called a compiler.
54. What is index register?
When processor registers are used as pointers and counter, they are called index register. ¶ 2:00 AM 0 comments
What are the different types of instruction formats?
i)Three address instructions ii) Two address instructions
iii) One address instructions iv) Zero address instructions.
What is a program counter?
Program counter is the register in the computer that keeps track of the instructions to be executed. It holds the next instruction to be executed.
What is implied mode?
The operands are specified implicitly in the instruction. For example : Complement accumulator
What is Immediate mode?
The operands are specified in the instruction itself. Instead of address it has the operand field
What is register mode?
When the address field specifies a processor register, it is said to be register mode instruction.
What is register indirect mode?
The instruction specifies a register in the CPU whose contents give the address of the operand in memory.
What is autoincrement or autodecrement mode?
In this the register content is incremented or decremented after or before its value is used to access memory.
What is effective address?
Effective address is defined to be the memory address obtained from the computation dictated by the given addressing mode. This normally adds the address given in register or memory location with a constant to find the resultant address.
What is direct address mode?
The effective address is equal to the address part of the instruction. The operand resides in memory and its address is given directly by the address field of the instruction.
What is indirect address mode?
The address field of the instruction gives the address where effective address is stored in memory. Control fetched the instruction from memory and uses its address part to access memory again to read the effective address.
What is relative address mode?
In relative address mode, the content of the program counter is added to the address part of the instruction in order to obtain the effective address.
What is indexed addressing mode?
The content of the index register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What is base register addressing mode?
The content of the base register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What are the types of instructions?
i. Data transfer instructions
ii. Data manipulation instructions
iii. Program control instructions
What is data transfer instruction? List them.
Data transfer instructions move data from one place to another without changing the data content. They transfer data between memory and processor registers, between processor registers and input or output, and between processor register themselves.
They include
i) Load ii) Store iii) Move iv) Exchange
v) Input vi) Output vii) Push viii) Pop
What are data manipulation instructions? What are the types?
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational capabilities for the computer. They are of three types:
i. Arithmetic instruction
ii. Logical and bit manipulation instructions
iii. Shift instructions
What are arithmetic instructions? List them.
The four basic arithmetic operation are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. They are Increment, Decrement, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Add with carry, Subtract with Borrow, Negate
What are the status register bits?
Carry, Sign, Zero, Overflow (Briefly explain them)
What is a program status word?
The collection of all status bit conditions in the CPU is called program status word or PSW.
What are the types of Interrupts?
There are three major types of interrupts that cause a break in the normal execution of a program. They can be classified as:
i. External Interrupts
ii. Internal Interrupts
iii. Software interrupts ¶ 1:44 AM 0 comments
i)Three address instructions ii) Two address instructions
iii) One address instructions iv) Zero address instructions.
What is a program counter?
Program counter is the register in the computer that keeps track of the instructions to be executed. It holds the next instruction to be executed.
What is implied mode?
The operands are specified implicitly in the instruction. For example : Complement accumulator
What is Immediate mode?
The operands are specified in the instruction itself. Instead of address it has the operand field
What is register mode?
When the address field specifies a processor register, it is said to be register mode instruction.
What is register indirect mode?
The instruction specifies a register in the CPU whose contents give the address of the operand in memory.
What is autoincrement or autodecrement mode?
In this the register content is incremented or decremented after or before its value is used to access memory.
What is effective address?
Effective address is defined to be the memory address obtained from the computation dictated by the given addressing mode. This normally adds the address given in register or memory location with a constant to find the resultant address.
What is direct address mode?
The effective address is equal to the address part of the instruction. The operand resides in memory and its address is given directly by the address field of the instruction.
What is indirect address mode?
The address field of the instruction gives the address where effective address is stored in memory. Control fetched the instruction from memory and uses its address part to access memory again to read the effective address.
What is relative address mode?
In relative address mode, the content of the program counter is added to the address part of the instruction in order to obtain the effective address.
What is indexed addressing mode?
The content of the index register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What is base register addressing mode?
The content of the base register is added to the address part of the instruction to obtain the effective address.
What are the types of instructions?
i. Data transfer instructions
ii. Data manipulation instructions
iii. Program control instructions
What is data transfer instruction? List them.
Data transfer instructions move data from one place to another without changing the data content. They transfer data between memory and processor registers, between processor registers and input or output, and between processor register themselves.
They include
i) Load ii) Store iii) Move iv) Exchange
v) Input vi) Output vii) Push viii) Pop
What are data manipulation instructions? What are the types?
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational capabilities for the computer. They are of three types:
i. Arithmetic instruction
ii. Logical and bit manipulation instructions
iii. Shift instructions
What are arithmetic instructions? List them.
The four basic arithmetic operation are: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. They are Increment, Decrement, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Add with carry, Subtract with Borrow, Negate
What are the status register bits?
Carry, Sign, Zero, Overflow (Briefly explain them)
What is a program status word?
The collection of all status bit conditions in the CPU is called program status word or PSW.
What are the types of Interrupts?
There are three major types of interrupts that cause a break in the normal execution of a program. They can be classified as:
i. External Interrupts
ii. Internal Interrupts
iii. Software interrupts ¶ 1:44 AM 0 comments
DMA, IOP
What is handshaking?
When data is being transferred between two units, the units receiving the data responds with another control signal to acknowledge the receipt of the data. This type of agreement between two independent units is called handshaking.
What is synchronous transmission?
Synchronous transmission allows two units to share a common clock frequency and bits are transmitted continuously at the rate dictated by the clock pulse.
What is asynchronous transmission?
The asynchronous transmission allow data transfer between more than two systems, in which they use special bits. The characters send consists of three parts: a start bit, the character bits, and the stop bits. It starts transmission for start bit, and stops on receiving stop bit.
Define baud rate.
Baud rate is defined as the rate at which serial information is transmitted and is equivalent to the data transfer in bits per second.
What are the different modes of data transfer?
Data transfer to and from peripherals could be carried out in one of the following modes: i) Programmed I/O ii) Interrupt initiated I/O iii)Direct memory access
What is programmed I/O mode of data transfer?
Programmed I/O operations are carried out by the result of I/O instructions written to the computer program. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
What is interrupt?
When an interrupt request signal is issued, the processor suspends the execution of the currently executing program, and starts the execution of the interrupted program. Then, it starts the suspended program. This process is called interrupt.
What is DMA?
Direct memory access allows transfer of data into and out of the memory units through the memory bus, with out the use of CPU. This is called DMA transfer.
What is vectored and nonvectored interrupt?
In vectored interrupt, the branch address is assigned to the computer by the source that interrupts the program execution. In nonvectored interrupt, the branch address is stored in a separate portion of memory.
What is priority interrupt?
A priority interrupt is a system that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which request is to be services first, when two or more interrupts arrive at the same time.
What is polling?
Polling is the procedure used to identify the highest priority source by software. In this all interrupts have a common branching address, and the system takes care of all the interrupts in sequence. This tests the interrupts and the interrupt tested first will get the highest priority.
What is bus transfer?
While DMA communicates directly with memory, a block sequences consisting of a number of memory words is transferred in continuous burst while the DMA controller is master of memory bus. This is good for fast peripherals.
Define Cycle stealing.
Cycle stealing is the process in which the DMA controller transfer one data word at a time, after which it returns control of buses to CPU. The CPU delays the operation for one memory cycle to allow the direct memory I/O transfer to steal one memory cycle.
What is modem?
Modem stands for Modulator-demodulator, which converts the digital signals into audio tones to be transmitted over telephone lines and also converts audio tones from the lines to digital signals for the machines use.
What is half-duplex transmission?
Half-duplex transmission system is one that is capable of transmitting in both directions but data can be transmitted in only one direction at a time.
What is full-duplex transmission?
Full-duplex transmission can send and receive data in both directions simultaneously. ¶ 1:23 AM 0 comments
When data is being transferred between two units, the units receiving the data responds with another control signal to acknowledge the receipt of the data. This type of agreement between two independent units is called handshaking.
What is synchronous transmission?
Synchronous transmission allows two units to share a common clock frequency and bits are transmitted continuously at the rate dictated by the clock pulse.
What is asynchronous transmission?
The asynchronous transmission allow data transfer between more than two systems, in which they use special bits. The characters send consists of three parts: a start bit, the character bits, and the stop bits. It starts transmission for start bit, and stops on receiving stop bit.
Define baud rate.
Baud rate is defined as the rate at which serial information is transmitted and is equivalent to the data transfer in bits per second.
What are the different modes of data transfer?
Data transfer to and from peripherals could be carried out in one of the following modes: i) Programmed I/O ii) Interrupt initiated I/O iii)Direct memory access
What is programmed I/O mode of data transfer?
Programmed I/O operations are carried out by the result of I/O instructions written to the computer program. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
What is interrupt?
When an interrupt request signal is issued, the processor suspends the execution of the currently executing program, and starts the execution of the interrupted program. Then, it starts the suspended program. This process is called interrupt.
What is DMA?
Direct memory access allows transfer of data into and out of the memory units through the memory bus, with out the use of CPU. This is called DMA transfer.
What is vectored and nonvectored interrupt?
In vectored interrupt, the branch address is assigned to the computer by the source that interrupts the program execution. In nonvectored interrupt, the branch address is stored in a separate portion of memory.
What is priority interrupt?
A priority interrupt is a system that establishes a priority over the various sources to determine which request is to be services first, when two or more interrupts arrive at the same time.
What is polling?
Polling is the procedure used to identify the highest priority source by software. In this all interrupts have a common branching address, and the system takes care of all the interrupts in sequence. This tests the interrupts and the interrupt tested first will get the highest priority.
What is bus transfer?
While DMA communicates directly with memory, a block sequences consisting of a number of memory words is transferred in continuous burst while the DMA controller is master of memory bus. This is good for fast peripherals.
Define Cycle stealing.
Cycle stealing is the process in which the DMA controller transfer one data word at a time, after which it returns control of buses to CPU. The CPU delays the operation for one memory cycle to allow the direct memory I/O transfer to steal one memory cycle.
What is modem?
Modem stands for Modulator-demodulator, which converts the digital signals into audio tones to be transmitted over telephone lines and also converts audio tones from the lines to digital signals for the machines use.
What is half-duplex transmission?
Half-duplex transmission system is one that is capable of transmitting in both directions but data can be transmitted in only one direction at a time.
What is full-duplex transmission?
Full-duplex transmission can send and receive data in both directions simultaneously. ¶ 1:23 AM 0 comments
Wednesday, October 19, 2005
Memory management Hardware
Two mark questions
1) What are the responsibilties of memory management hardware?
2) What is segmentation?
3) What is a logical address. What the fields in logical address?
4) What is a physical address. What are the fields in physical address?
5) What is the use of segment table and page table in memory management hardware?
6) What is a page table base?
7) How data can be protected in system?
8) What is protection bit? What are the privilages that can be given to a user for file accessing?
9) What is TLB?
Other questions
1) Explain about mamory management hardware in detail(16) ¶ 11:47 PM
1) What are the responsibilties of memory management hardware?
2) What is segmentation?
3) What is a logical address. What the fields in logical address?
4) What is a physical address. What are the fields in physical address?
5) What is the use of segment table and page table in memory management hardware?
6) What is a page table base?
7) How data can be protected in system?
8) What is protection bit? What are the privilages that can be given to a user for file accessing?
9) What is TLB?
Other questions
1) Explain about mamory management hardware in detail(16) ¶ 11:47 PM
Virtual memory
Two marks Questions
1) What is virtual memory?
It is a concept used in some large computer systems that permit the user to construct programs as though a large memory space were available, equal to the totality of the computer.
2) What is virtual address or logical address?
The binary address that the processor issue for either instructions or data are called virtula or logical address.
3) What is physical address or location?
The address in main memory.
4) What is address space?
The set of virtual adddresses form address space.They are the set of addresses generated by the programmer as they reference instructions and data.
5) What is memory space?
The set of physical addresses form memory space.They are the actual memory locations directly addressable for processing.
6) What is map table?
The table used for mapping the logical address into physical address.
7) What is page frame or block?
The physical memory is broken into groups of equal size called blocks. The other name of block is Page frame.
8) What is page?
The virtual memory is divided into groups of equal size called pages.
9)What is page fault?
The condition at which the block referenced in main memory is not found is called page fault. If it is not found, it suspend the current program execution and get the page from virtual memory and resume the execution.
Other questions:
1) What is virtual memory, address space and memory space. Explain the mapping of address space to memory space in detail with diagrams. (16)
2) How address to memory mapping is done with pages in virtual memory? (8)
3) What are the pitfaults of using main memory for page table? How it cane be rectified? (8)
4) How associative memory can be used in page table? (6)
5) How page replacement is done in virtual memory?
6) What are the responsibilities of memory management software system? (2)
7) What are the common replacement algorithms used in page replacement? Explain them in detail. (6) ¶ 11:24 PM
1) What is virtual memory?
It is a concept used in some large computer systems that permit the user to construct programs as though a large memory space were available, equal to the totality of the computer.
2) What is virtual address or logical address?
The binary address that the processor issue for either instructions or data are called virtula or logical address.
3) What is physical address or location?
The address in main memory.
4) What is address space?
The set of virtual adddresses form address space.They are the set of addresses generated by the programmer as they reference instructions and data.
5) What is memory space?
The set of physical addresses form memory space.They are the actual memory locations directly addressable for processing.
6) What is map table?
The table used for mapping the logical address into physical address.
7) What is page frame or block?
The physical memory is broken into groups of equal size called blocks. The other name of block is Page frame.
8) What is page?
The virtual memory is divided into groups of equal size called pages.
9)What is page fault?
The condition at which the block referenced in main memory is not found is called page fault. If it is not found, it suspend the current program execution and get the page from virtual memory and resume the execution.
Other questions:
1) What is virtual memory, address space and memory space. Explain the mapping of address space to memory space in detail with diagrams. (16)
2) How address to memory mapping is done with pages in virtual memory? (8)
3) What are the pitfaults of using main memory for page table? How it cane be rectified? (8)
4) How associative memory can be used in page table? (6)
5) How page replacement is done in virtual memory?
6) What are the responsibilities of memory management software system? (2)
7) What are the common replacement algorithms used in page replacement? Explain them in detail. (6) ¶ 11:24 PM
Thursday, October 13, 2005
Cache memory
1. What is cache memory?
Cache memory is the fastest in memory hierarchy, which contain the in formations and instructions which are most frequently reference and currently in execution
2. What is locality of reference?
The reference of memory at a given interval of time is confined within a few localized areas in memory. This phenomenon is the property of locality of reference
3. Define cache hit.
When CPU tries to access a word, and if the referenced word is found in cache, it is cache hit
4. Define Cache miss
If the CPU is not able to find a word in cache, and it check in main memory, it is called cache miss
5. Define hit ratio
The ratio of number of cache hits to the total number of references
6. Define miss ratio
The ratio of number of cache misses to the total number of references
7. Define mapping
The transformation of data from main memory to cache memory is mapping
There are 3 types of mapping
i) Associative Mapping
ii) Direct Mapping
iii) Set- associative Mapping
8. What is write – through in caches write?
If the main memory is updated with every memory write operation, with cache memory in parallel
9. What is write- back in cache write?
Only the cache location will be updated during write operation, and the main memory will be updated only when the word is removed from cache.
10. What is valid bit?
Valid bit is the bit used for each word in cache, to indicate whether it contain valid data or not
11. What are the disadvantages of each mapping technique?
i) Associative mapping – Expensive than RAM, as match logic is associated with each cell
ii) Direct mapping – Reduce hit ratio, if words with same index and different tag are referenced repeatedly
Two words with same index and different tag values cannot reside in cache at same time
iii) Set- associative mapping- The increase in set need more bits in words, and also more complex comparison logic
Other Questions………
1. Explain cache memory and the mapping technologies involved in it? (16)
2. Briefly explain about associative mapping (4)
3. Explain direct mapping (8)
4. Explain about set- associative mapping (6)
5. How data can be written into cache (6) ¶ 8:44 PM
Cache memory is the fastest in memory hierarchy, which contain the in formations and instructions which are most frequently reference and currently in execution
2. What is locality of reference?
The reference of memory at a given interval of time is confined within a few localized areas in memory. This phenomenon is the property of locality of reference
3. Define cache hit.
When CPU tries to access a word, and if the referenced word is found in cache, it is cache hit
4. Define Cache miss
If the CPU is not able to find a word in cache, and it check in main memory, it is called cache miss
5. Define hit ratio
The ratio of number of cache hits to the total number of references
6. Define miss ratio
The ratio of number of cache misses to the total number of references
7. Define mapping
The transformation of data from main memory to cache memory is mapping
There are 3 types of mapping
i) Associative Mapping
ii) Direct Mapping
iii) Set- associative Mapping
8. What is write – through in caches write?
If the main memory is updated with every memory write operation, with cache memory in parallel
9. What is write- back in cache write?
Only the cache location will be updated during write operation, and the main memory will be updated only when the word is removed from cache.
10. What is valid bit?
Valid bit is the bit used for each word in cache, to indicate whether it contain valid data or not
11. What are the disadvantages of each mapping technique?
i) Associative mapping – Expensive than RAM, as match logic is associated with each cell
ii) Direct mapping – Reduce hit ratio, if words with same index and different tag are referenced repeatedly
Two words with same index and different tag values cannot reside in cache at same time
iii) Set- associative mapping- The increase in set need more bits in words, and also more complex comparison logic
Other Questions………
1. Explain cache memory and the mapping technologies involved in it? (16)
2. Briefly explain about associative mapping (4)
3. Explain direct mapping (8)
4. Explain about set- associative mapping (6)
5. How data can be written into cache (6) ¶ 8:44 PM
Associative memory
Two Mark questions
1. What is associative memory (or) what is content addressable memory?
The memory unit in which the storage locations are identified by their contents or by part of their contents rather than by position is associative memory
(or)
The memory unit accessed by content of data itself is called associative memory (or) content addressable memory
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of associative memory?
Advantages: This is suitable for parallel searches. It is also used where search time needs to be short
Disadvantages : This is expensive than RAM, as each cell must have storage capability and logical circuits for matching its content with external argument
3. What are the uses of argument register; key register and match register in associative memory?
Argument register-It holds the external argument, which needs to be searched.
Key register -This specifies which part of the argument word needs to be compared with words in memory. If all bits in register are 1, The entire word should be compared. Otherwise, only the bits having k-bit set to 1 will be compared.
Match Register- This has one bit for each word in memory. The corresponding bit will be set to 1, if it is matching
4. Draw the block diagram of associative memory (or) Draw the hardware organization of associative memory (2)
Other Questions………
1. Draw the logical diagram for the internal organization of a cell in associative memory (4)
2. How match logic compare the argument register word with memory word? (6)
3. Explain about read operation in associative memory (4)
4. Explain about write operation in associative memory (8) ¶ 8:42 PM
1. What is associative memory (or) what is content addressable memory?
The memory unit in which the storage locations are identified by their contents or by part of their contents rather than by position is associative memory
(or)
The memory unit accessed by content of data itself is called associative memory (or) content addressable memory
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of associative memory?
Advantages: This is suitable for parallel searches. It is also used where search time needs to be short
Disadvantages : This is expensive than RAM, as each cell must have storage capability and logical circuits for matching its content with external argument
3. What are the uses of argument register; key register and match register in associative memory?
Argument register-It holds the external argument, which needs to be searched.
Key register -This specifies which part of the argument word needs to be compared with words in memory. If all bits in register are 1, The entire word should be compared. Otherwise, only the bits having k-bit set to 1 will be compared.
Match Register- This has one bit for each word in memory. The corresponding bit will be set to 1, if it is matching
4. Draw the block diagram of associative memory (or) Draw the hardware organization of associative memory (2)
Other Questions………
1. Draw the logical diagram for the internal organization of a cell in associative memory (4)
2. How match logic compare the argument register word with memory word? (6)
3. Explain about read operation in associative memory (4)
4. Explain about write operation in associative memory (8) ¶ 8:42 PM
Auxiliary memory
Two Mark Questions……..
1. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that are used for backup storage are called auxiliary memory devices
2. What are the important characteristics of auxiliary devices?
The important characteristics of storage devices are its access mode, access time, transfer rate, capacity and cost
3. Define access time
The average time required to reach a storage location in memory and obtain its contents is access time
4. What is seek time?
In disks and tapes, the time required to position the read –write head to particular location is called seek time
5. What is transfer time?
The average time required to transfer data to or from the device is transfer time
6. What is transfer rate?
The number of characters or words that the device can transfer per second, after it has been positioned at the beginning of the record is called transfer rate
Other questions……
1. Write notes on magnetic disk and explain tracks and sectors with diagram (8)
2. Write notes on magnetic tape (6)
3. What is auxiliary device, and explain the commonly used auxiliary devices (16) ¶ 8:41 PM
1. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that are used for backup storage are called auxiliary memory devices
2. What are the important characteristics of auxiliary devices?
The important characteristics of storage devices are its access mode, access time, transfer rate, capacity and cost
3. Define access time
The average time required to reach a storage location in memory and obtain its contents is access time
4. What is seek time?
In disks and tapes, the time required to position the read –write head to particular location is called seek time
5. What is transfer time?
The average time required to transfer data to or from the device is transfer time
6. What is transfer rate?
The number of characters or words that the device can transfer per second, after it has been positioned at the beginning of the record is called transfer rate
Other questions……
1. Write notes on magnetic disk and explain tracks and sectors with diagram (8)
2. Write notes on magnetic tape (6)
3. What is auxiliary device, and explain the commonly used auxiliary devices (16) ¶ 8:41 PM
Main Memory
Two mark questions
1. What is main memory?
It is the central storage unit in computer, which communicates directly with CPU. It is relatively fast, and it hold programs and data for execution.
2. What are the two operating modes of RAM chips?
i) Static RAM – It has flip-flops to store binary information. The information stays till power is applied
ii) Dynamic RAM – It store binary information as charges in capacitors. Capacitors must be recharged to restored data
3. What are the advantages of static RAM and dynamic RAM?
Static RAM- It is easier to use, and has short read and write cycles
Dynamic Ram- reduces power consumption and large storage capacity in single memory chip
4. What is ROM?
ROM stands for read only memory. It holds permanently resident programs and tables that do not change its value after it is embedded in the computer chip once
5. What is bootstrap loader?
Bootstrap loader is a program, which starts the operating system when power is turned on. It resides in ROM
6. What are the differences between RAM and ROM?
i) RAM – Volatile storage
ROM – non-volatile storage
ii) RAM – Contents can be destroyed and new data can be written again. Hence it is Read/ Write memory
ROM- Data remain unchanged. Hence it is Read only memory
iii) RAM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, RD, WR and 7 address lines
ROM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, 9 address lines
7. Draw the block diagram of RAM chip (2)
8. What is high impedance state?
The state in which output does not carry a signal and has no logic significance
9. What are the uses of chip select signals in RAM chip?
CS1 is used for enabling the chip, and CS2 is to decode the address and also indicate about RAM/ ROM selection
10. Draw the block diagram of ROM chip (8)
11. What is memory address map?
Memory address map is a table, which specifies the memory address assigned to each chip, and also helps in selection of chip
Other questions:
1. Explain main memory, and the types of main memory (16)
2. Draw the block diagram of RAM and ROM and explain about them (10)
3. How memory is connected when 512 x 8 RAM and 512 x 8 ROM are needed? Explain in detail. (10) ¶ 8:37 PM
1. What is main memory?
It is the central storage unit in computer, which communicates directly with CPU. It is relatively fast, and it hold programs and data for execution.
2. What are the two operating modes of RAM chips?
i) Static RAM – It has flip-flops to store binary information. The information stays till power is applied
ii) Dynamic RAM – It store binary information as charges in capacitors. Capacitors must be recharged to restored data
3. What are the advantages of static RAM and dynamic RAM?
Static RAM- It is easier to use, and has short read and write cycles
Dynamic Ram- reduces power consumption and large storage capacity in single memory chip
4. What is ROM?
ROM stands for read only memory. It holds permanently resident programs and tables that do not change its value after it is embedded in the computer chip once
5. What is bootstrap loader?
Bootstrap loader is a program, which starts the operating system when power is turned on. It resides in ROM
6. What are the differences between RAM and ROM?
i) RAM – Volatile storage
ROM – non-volatile storage
ii) RAM – Contents can be destroyed and new data can be written again. Hence it is Read/ Write memory
ROM- Data remain unchanged. Hence it is Read only memory
iii) RAM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, RD, WR and 7 address lines
ROM- Signals used are CS1, CS2, 9 address lines
7. Draw the block diagram of RAM chip (2)
8. What is high impedance state?
The state in which output does not carry a signal and has no logic significance
9. What are the uses of chip select signals in RAM chip?
CS1 is used for enabling the chip, and CS2 is to decode the address and also indicate about RAM/ ROM selection
10. Draw the block diagram of ROM chip (8)
11. What is memory address map?
Memory address map is a table, which specifies the memory address assigned to each chip, and also helps in selection of chip
Other questions:
1. Explain main memory, and the types of main memory (16)
2. Draw the block diagram of RAM and ROM and explain about them (10)
3. How memory is connected when 512 x 8 RAM and 512 x 8 ROM are needed? Explain in detail. (10) ¶ 8:37 PM
Memory Hierarchy
Two Mark questions……
1. Define memory.
Memory is the program- addressable storage from which instructions and other data can be loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or programming
2. What are the types of main memory?
i) Main memory
ii) Auxiliary memory
iii) Associative memory
iv) Cache memory
v) Virtual memory
3. What is main memory?
The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main memory. It holds programs and data currently needed by the processor.
4. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that help for backup storage are called auxiliary memory
5. What is cache memory?
Very high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of processing. It holds the programs and data needed by CPU for execution
6. What are the differences between cache memory and auxiliary memory?
Ø Cache holds parts of program and data that are most heavily used.
Ø Auxiliary memory holds parts of data that are not presently used by CPU.
Ø Cache memory block size: 1 to 16 words
Ø Auxiliary memory block size: 256-2048 words
7. Define multiprogramming
The existence of two or more programs in different parts of memory hierarchy at the same time
8. What is memory management system?
The part of the computer system that supervises the flow of information between auxiliary memory and main memory is called memory management system
Other Questions:
1. Draw the block diagram of memory hierarchy in computer system (2)
2. Write notes on memory hierarchy and briefly explain about each component (8)
3. What is the role of I/O Processor in memory hierarchy of computer system? (2)
4. What are the reasons for representing computer memory in hierarchical manner? (2)
5. Compare each storage devices (memory) in hierarchy, and how they are different form other (4) ¶ 8:35 PM
1. Define memory.
Memory is the program- addressable storage from which instructions and other data can be loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or programming
2. What are the types of main memory?
i) Main memory
ii) Auxiliary memory
iii) Associative memory
iv) Cache memory
v) Virtual memory
3. What is main memory?
The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main memory. It holds programs and data currently needed by the processor.
4. What is auxiliary memory?
The memory devices that help for backup storage are called auxiliary memory
5. What is cache memory?
Very high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of processing. It holds the programs and data needed by CPU for execution
6. What are the differences between cache memory and auxiliary memory?
Ø Cache holds parts of program and data that are most heavily used.
Ø Auxiliary memory holds parts of data that are not presently used by CPU.
Ø Cache memory block size: 1 to 16 words
Ø Auxiliary memory block size: 256-2048 words
7. Define multiprogramming
The existence of two or more programs in different parts of memory hierarchy at the same time
8. What is memory management system?
The part of the computer system that supervises the flow of information between auxiliary memory and main memory is called memory management system
Other Questions:
1. Draw the block diagram of memory hierarchy in computer system (2)
2. Write notes on memory hierarchy and briefly explain about each component (8)
3. What is the role of I/O Processor in memory hierarchy of computer system? (2)
4. What are the reasons for representing computer memory in hierarchical manner? (2)
5. Compare each storage devices (memory) in hierarchy, and how they are different form other (4) ¶ 8:35 PM
Monday, September 12, 2005
Input output interface
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1) What is the use of input-output interface?
Input-output interface supports information transfer between internal storage and external I/O devices. Interface units act as special links for resolving the difference in the characteristics of internal devices and external devices.
2) What is the need for interface unit (or) what are the major differences between central computer and peripherals?
i) The electromechanical (use voltage) peripherals and electronic (use charge) memory and CPU have difference in their operations. Hence conversion of signals is necessary.
ii) Data transfer in peripherals is slower than that in CPU. To provide a synchronization mechanism, interface unit is needed.
iii) The data codes and formats differ from word formats in CPU and memory.
iv) Operating modes are different from other. Interface unit is necessary , not to disturb the operation of the other peripheral.
3) What are interface units?
Interface units are special hardware components between CPU and the peripherals to supervise, synchronize all input and output transfers. They serve as interface between the processor bus and peripheral devices.
4) What are the four types of commands an interface may receive?
i) Control command – To activate peripheral and inform what to do
ii) Status command- Test the conditions in interface and peripheral
iii) Data output command-To transfer data from bus to one of its registers
iv) Data input command-To receive an item of data from peripheral and place it in the buffer register
5) What is IOP? What is the use of IOP? Or What is data channel? What is the use of data channel?
The systems with independent sets of data, address and control bus use separate I/O processor (IOP) along with CPU. IOP communicate with I/O bus. It provides independent pathway for transfer of information between external devices and internal memory.
6) What is isolated I/O?
The devices using common bus for both memory and I/O but with separate control lines for memory and CPU. CPU enables the appropriate control line’s read and write signals when the address is kept on the address line. This isolate I/O interface address from memory address. This method of assigning address in common bus is called isolated I/O method.
7) What is memory mapped I/O?
The computers using common bus for memory and I/O with common control lines use only one set of read and write signals and do not distinguish between memory and I/O address. This configuration is referred to as memory-mapped I/O.
8) What are the differences between isolated I/O and memory mapped I/O?
Isolated I/O configuration uses common bus but separate control lines. Memory-mapped I/O uses common bus and common control lines.
Isolated I/O has separate address space
Memory-mapped I/O has common address space
Isolated I/O use separate instruction sets.
Memory-mapped I/O use the common instruction set.
OTHER QUESTIONS:
1) Explain Input output interface with example (16 marks)
2) Briefly explain I/O bus and interface modules. (8 marks)
3) Explain Isolated I/O and memory-mapped I/O.What are the differences between Isolated I/O and memory-mapped I/O? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? (8 marks)
4) Give an example of I/O interface with example. (8 marks) ¶ 11:15 AM 0 comments
1) What is the use of input-output interface?
Input-output interface supports information transfer between internal storage and external I/O devices. Interface units act as special links for resolving the difference in the characteristics of internal devices and external devices.
2) What is the need for interface unit (or) what are the major differences between central computer and peripherals?
i) The electromechanical (use voltage) peripherals and electronic (use charge) memory and CPU have difference in their operations. Hence conversion of signals is necessary.
ii) Data transfer in peripherals is slower than that in CPU. To provide a synchronization mechanism, interface unit is needed.
iii) The data codes and formats differ from word formats in CPU and memory.
iv) Operating modes are different from other. Interface unit is necessary , not to disturb the operation of the other peripheral.
3) What are interface units?
Interface units are special hardware components between CPU and the peripherals to supervise, synchronize all input and output transfers. They serve as interface between the processor bus and peripheral devices.
4) What are the four types of commands an interface may receive?
i) Control command – To activate peripheral and inform what to do
ii) Status command- Test the conditions in interface and peripheral
iii) Data output command-To transfer data from bus to one of its registers
iv) Data input command-To receive an item of data from peripheral and place it in the buffer register
5) What is IOP? What is the use of IOP? Or What is data channel? What is the use of data channel?
The systems with independent sets of data, address and control bus use separate I/O processor (IOP) along with CPU. IOP communicate with I/O bus. It provides independent pathway for transfer of information between external devices and internal memory.
6) What is isolated I/O?
The devices using common bus for both memory and I/O but with separate control lines for memory and CPU. CPU enables the appropriate control line’s read and write signals when the address is kept on the address line. This isolate I/O interface address from memory address. This method of assigning address in common bus is called isolated I/O method.
7) What is memory mapped I/O?
The computers using common bus for memory and I/O with common control lines use only one set of read and write signals and do not distinguish between memory and I/O address. This configuration is referred to as memory-mapped I/O.
8) What are the differences between isolated I/O and memory mapped I/O?
Isolated I/O configuration uses common bus but separate control lines. Memory-mapped I/O uses common bus and common control lines.
Isolated I/O has separate address space
Memory-mapped I/O has common address space
Isolated I/O use separate instruction sets.
Memory-mapped I/O use the common instruction set.
OTHER QUESTIONS:
1) Explain Input output interface with example (16 marks)
2) Briefly explain I/O bus and interface modules. (8 marks)
3) Explain Isolated I/O and memory-mapped I/O.What are the differences between Isolated I/O and memory-mapped I/O? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? (8 marks)
4) Give an example of I/O interface with example. (8 marks) ¶ 11:15 AM 0 comments
Peripheral Devices
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1) What is the use of I/O device? What are the common I/O devices available?
I/O devices provide an efficient mode of communication between the central system and the outside environment. The common I/O devices include Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, and Magnetic disk.
2) What are online devices?
Device that are under the direct control of the computer are said to be connected on-line. They are designed to read information into or out of the memory based on the command from the CPU.
3) Write a short note on monitors?
Monitors are used as output devices. They mostly use CRT. It has a electron gun which emits electron. The focusing plates and Deflection plates direct the electron beam to the phosphor coated screen. By changing the voltage in the control grid, the intensity of e-beam can be changed.
4) Define block mode operation.
The edited text will be stored first in main memory and then is transferred to the main memory as block of data. Such type of operation is said to be Block mode operation.
5) Briefly explain about printer.
Printer is a output device, which produces the hard copy of data. There are 3 types of printers. i) Daisy wheel printer ii) Dot matrix printer iii) Laser printer
6) What are the advantages of magnetic disk over magnetic tape?
Magnetic disk –Random access, For bulk storage, cheap and fast
Magnetic tape –sequential access, to store files, cheap but slow
7) Write a brief note on ASCII.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a binary code for alphanumeric character. It is a 7-bit code, which can represent 128 different characters. ASCII has 94 printable and 34 non-printable characters.
94 printable characters include 26(A to Z)+26(a to z)+10(0 to 9)+32 special characters. 34 non-printable characters include NUL, Backspace, DEL, ESC etc
8) What are the three types of control character?
i) Format Effectors – Control layout of printing]
ii) Information separators –Separate data into divisions, paragraphs and pages
iii) Communication control characters – Used for transmission of text between remote computers.
9) Define byte and Nibble.
8-bits form a byte. 4-bits form a Nibble.
OTHER QUESTIONS:
1) What are peripheral devices? Explain the common peripheral devices. (8 marks)
Works for you…1)
List four peripheral devices that produce an acceptable output for a person to understand.
2) Write your full name in ASCII using eight bits per character with the leftmost bit always 0.Include an space between names and a period after initial. ¶ 10:58 AM 0 comments
1) What is the use of I/O device? What are the common I/O devices available?
I/O devices provide an efficient mode of communication between the central system and the outside environment. The common I/O devices include Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, and Magnetic disk.
2) What are online devices?
Device that are under the direct control of the computer are said to be connected on-line. They are designed to read information into or out of the memory based on the command from the CPU.
3) Write a short note on monitors?
Monitors are used as output devices. They mostly use CRT. It has a electron gun which emits electron. The focusing plates and Deflection plates direct the electron beam to the phosphor coated screen. By changing the voltage in the control grid, the intensity of e-beam can be changed.
4) Define block mode operation.
The edited text will be stored first in main memory and then is transferred to the main memory as block of data. Such type of operation is said to be Block mode operation.
5) Briefly explain about printer.
Printer is a output device, which produces the hard copy of data. There are 3 types of printers. i) Daisy wheel printer ii) Dot matrix printer iii) Laser printer
6) What are the advantages of magnetic disk over magnetic tape?
Magnetic disk –Random access, For bulk storage, cheap and fast
Magnetic tape –sequential access, to store files, cheap but slow
7) Write a brief note on ASCII.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a binary code for alphanumeric character. It is a 7-bit code, which can represent 128 different characters. ASCII has 94 printable and 34 non-printable characters.
94 printable characters include 26(A to Z)+26(a to z)+10(0 to 9)+32 special characters. 34 non-printable characters include NUL, Backspace, DEL, ESC etc
8) What are the three types of control character?
i) Format Effectors – Control layout of printing]
ii) Information separators –Separate data into divisions, paragraphs and pages
iii) Communication control characters – Used for transmission of text between remote computers.
9) Define byte and Nibble.
8-bits form a byte. 4-bits form a Nibble.
OTHER QUESTIONS:
1) What are peripheral devices? Explain the common peripheral devices. (8 marks)
Works for you…1)
List four peripheral devices that produce an acceptable output for a person to understand.
2) Write your full name in ASCII using eight bits per character with the leftmost bit always 0.Include an space between names and a period after initial. ¶ 10:58 AM 0 comments
